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Carpal
The carpal refers to any of the small bones in the wrist in the proximal part of the foot of the forelimb. The human hand contains eight carpals. Each articulates on the proximal side with the radius and ulna of the lower arm, and on the distal side with a metacarpal.
Carpal bones are not considered part of the hand but are part of the wrist. The carpal bones allow the wrist to move and rotate vertically, horizontally and laterally.
Anatomy of the Carpal
There are eight carpal bones which are arranged in two rows:
- Proximal row - From the radial to the ulnar side which are the navicular, lunate, triangular, and pisiform, and
- Distal row - These are the greater multangular, lesser multangular, capitate and hamate
Each bone (excepting the pisiform) presents six surfaces. Of these the volar or anterior and the dorsal or posterior surfaces are rough, for ligamentous attachment; the dorsal surfaces being the broader, except in the navicular and lunate.
The superior or proximal, and inferior or distal surfaces are articular, the superior generally convex, the inferior concave; the medial and lateral surfaces are also articular where they are in contact with contiguous bones, otherwise they are rough and tuberculated.
Conditions that can affect the Carpal
The most common condition that affects the carpal is the carpal tunnel syndrome. In the human wrist there is a sheath of tough connective tissue which envelops and protects several structures. The carpal tunnel is the space between this sheath (above) and the bones (below) making up the wrist and hand (carpal bones).
Carpal tunnel syndrome is a medical condition in which the median nerve is compressed at the wrist, leading to paresthesias, numbness and muscle weakness in the hand. The diagnosis of CTS is often misapplied to patients that have activity-related arm pain.
Most cases of CTS are without known cause, genetic factors determine most of the risk, and the role of arm use and other environmental factors is disputed.
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